Science and technology

  Technology Development of emerging technologies: As innovation drives economic growth, and large economic rewards come from new inventions, a great deal of resources (funding and effort) go into the development of emerging technologies. Some of the sources of these resources are described below. Research and development: Research and development is directed towards the advancement of technology in general, and therefore includes development of emerging technologies. See also List of countries by research and development spending. Applied research is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose. Science policy is the area of public policy which is concerned with the policies that affect the conduct of the science and research enterprise, including ...

 Technology Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to nanotech) is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest widespread description of nanotechnology[27][28] referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold. Robotics: Ro...

  Technology Examples of emerging technologies: Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the sub intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops machines and software with animal-like intelligence. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the study of making intelligent machines". The central functions (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long-term goals. Currently, popular approaches include deep learning, statistical methods, computational in...

 Technology Emerging technologies: Emerging technologies are technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized. These technologies are generally new but also include older technologies finding new applications. Emerging technologies are often perceived as capable of changing the status quo. Emerging technologies are characterized by radical novelty (in application even if not in origins), relatively fast growth, coherence, prominent impact, and uncertainty and ambiguity. In other words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and relatively fast growing technology characterised by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the composition of actors, institutions and patterns of interactions among those, along with the associated knowledge production processes. Its most prominent impact, however, l...

 Technology Technological evolution: The term "technological evolution" captures explanations of technological change that draw on mechanisms from evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology has one of its roots in the book “On the origin of species” by Charles Darwin. In the style of this catchphrase, technological evolution might describe the origin of new technologies. Combinatoric theory of technological change: The combinatoric theory of technological change states that every technology always consists of simpler technologies and a new technology is made of already existing technologies. One notion of this theory is that this interaction of technologies creates a network. All the technologies which interact to form a new technology can be thought of as complements, such as a screwdriver and a screw which by their interaction create the process of screwing a screw.[1] This newly formed process of screwing a screw can be perceived as a technology itself and can therefore be...

Technology Hypothetical technology: Hypothetical technology is technology that does not exist yet, but that could exist in the future.[1] This article presents examples of technologies that have been hypothesized or proposed, but that have not been developed yet. An example of hypothetical technology is teleportation. Artificial general intelligence: Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical artificial intelligence that demonstrates a human-like ability to learn. AGI is a machine which could do all human activities with the efficiency of a machine. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and a common topic among science fiction writers and futurists. Artificial general intelligence is also referred to as strong AI,[2] full AI[3] or one that has the ability to perform "general intelligent action".[4] AGI is associated with traits such as consciousness, sentience, sapience, and self-awareness, which are observed in living beings. Mind uploading: W...

Technology Outline of technology: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to technology: collection of tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures used by humans. Engineering is the discipline that seeks to study and design new technology. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Components of technology: Knowledge – Awareness of facts or being competent Engineering – Applied science Process – Series of activities Science – Systematic endeavor for gaining knowledge Skill – Ability to carry out a task Tool – Object can be used to achieve a goal Weapon – Implement or device used to inflict damage, harm, or kill Utensil – Tool used for food preparation Equipment – Items required to exercise a certain activity Invention – Novel device, material or technical process Machinery – Powered mechanical device Structure – Arrangement of inter...

Science and Technology Scientific research institutions (SRI) A large part of research is conducted by science research institutes with semi-controlled by the Government. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry Dr. Panjwani Centre for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research School of Biological Sciences, Punjab University National Center for Physics National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences PU Centre for High Energy Physics Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, NUST[82] Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Institute of Space Technology Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture Technology Resource Mobilization Unit Federal Bureau of Statistics Mathematics Statistica...

Science and technology State controlled science: Unlike some Western countries, the majority of the research programmes are conducted not at the institutions (such as universities) but at specially set up research facilities and institutes.[48] These institutes are performed under the government's Ministry of Science that overlooks the development and promotion of science in the country, while others are performed under the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, other specialized academies and even the research arms of various government ministries.[48] At first, the core of fundamental science was the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, originally set up in 1953 and moved from Karachi to Islamabad in 1964.[49] The Pakistan Academy of Sciences has a large percentage of researchers in the natural sciences, particularly physics.[49] From 1947 to 1971, the research was being conducted independently with no government influence.The High Tension Laboratories (HTL) at the Government College University,...

  Science and technology Science and technology: Science and technology is a growing field in Pakistan and has played an important role in the country's development since its founding. Pakistan has a large pool of scientists, engineers, doctors, and technicians assuming an active role in science and technology. The real growth in science in Pakistan occurred after the establishment of the Higher education Commission in 2002 which supported science in a big way and also became the major sponsor of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman.[1] The emphasis was placed on quality rather than numbers during this period.[2][3][4] The quality measures introduced by Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman as Founding Chairman HEC included:1) All Ph.D. thesis were evaluated by eminent foreign scientists,2) All PhD theses and research papers were checked for plagiarism 3) Some 11,000 students were sent abroad to leading universities for PhD level training and absorbed on the...